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Although there are numerous oil companies operating in Canada, the majority of production, refining and marketing is done by fewer than 20 of them.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Natural Resources Canada:Canadian Refineries )〕 According to the 2013 edition of Forbes Global 2000, canoils.com and any other list that emphasizes market capitalization and revenue when sizing up companies, as of March 31, 2014 〔 these are the largest Canada-based oil and gas companies (they are either based entirely in Canada or majority Canadian owned). However more recent changes, possibly mergers or a stronger showing in the price of oil could mean a few of the oil sands producers are underrepresented; this is because Canadian companies are increasingly dependent on production from that source, which is hurt severely when oil prices decline below 50 to 60 dollars a barrel since costs per barrel traditionally exceed $28 and non-upgraded bitumen (<10o API) produces 1.7 fewer barrels per metric ton than West Texas Intermediate oil (according to calculation).〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Solid Economics for Oil Sands )〕 A few of the larger companies (Penn West Petroleum and Athabasca Oil Corporation) don't show up in the Forbes list because its ranking system takes many different factors into account. Syncrude and Irving Oil are also leaders in the Canadian industry, with Syncrude being the top producer of oil sands crude and Irving Oil operating the largest oil refinery in the country. Also, based on the price paid for a 9% share in Syncrude Canada Ltd by Sinopec the company could be worth as much as US$50 billion. Canadian oil company profits quickly recovered from the financial crisis; In 2009 they were down 90% but in 2010 they reached $8.4 billion; Helping profits is the smaller price gap between West Texas Intermediate oil ($85/bbl) and Western Canadian heavy crude ($65/bbl) with the price of upgraded synthetic oil surpassing WTI when supply falls (before being upgraded to synthetic crude, heavier oil produces fewer barrels of oil per metric ton than lighter oil).〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Better times ahead for Canada's oil companies with expected $8.4B profit in 2010 )〕 The two largest (Suncor and CNRL) are 2 of the 11 most valuable Canadian companies (April 2013). Pacific Rubiales Energy is Canada's largest oil company not based in Calgary, Alberta (2,412 oil and gas companies are based in Calgary).〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Energy sector not so keen on TSX merger )〕 Ongoing research and development involving extraction technology and processing methods have slowly chipped away at many of the barriers to bitumen production. Many Canadian oil companies have a lot of exposure to heavy oil through assets in Alberta and so they stand to benefit when research into more efficient and cost effective solutions yields positive results (Petrobank has numerous patents related to extraction technology that at least one major engineering firm considers 17% more efficient than the widely used steam assisted gravity drainage).〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Petrobank's THAI Technology Expands Exploitable Bitumen In Place )〕 In the summer of 2010 a research team at Hokkaido University revealed that they had discovered a catalyst that significantly improves the efficiency while lowering costs related to the processing of bitumen.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=New technology for bitumen extraction )〕 Also among major Canadian producers, interest in new energy technologies is rising, a direct result of both heightened interest in raising the proportion of the oil sands that can be recovered (10%, which means are at stake) and the growing value of licensing rights. That has resulted in a shift in focus over to patent producing research and development. Cenovus Energy has used its patents as a tool to negotiate deals.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Petroleum patent pending )〕 Profiled and ranked is every Canadian oil and gas company with a market cap ranking top 500 worldwide and the eight largest by revenue (Nexen made Forbes list but not the top 500 companies according to market capitalization but it had the highest revenue among all other petroleum companies (according to this list ), addax petroleum became part of Sinopec). Eight of the ten most profitable companies of the oil and gas sector operating in Canada are represented here (other two were Athabasca Oil Sands Corp and Heritage Oil). In 2011 Canadian Natural Resources overtook Suncor to become Canada's largest producer. Suncor produced 549,000 boe/d in 2012 only slightly higher than in 2011.〔 Canadian Natural Resources produced at a gross rate of 655,000 boe/d up from 600,000 boe/d the year before.〔 ==Market capitalization (March 31, 2014), revenue (2013), profit (2013), production, reserves== source for market cap,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=FT Global 500 March 31, 2014 )〕 source for profit. () Data rounded to nearest million. *By market cap, Crescent Point Energy is the largest Canadian oil company never to make the global 500 list, according to Forbes () *Encana, Talisman Energy last made the Fortune 500 list in June 2011; Cenovus Energy dropped out December 2013. *CNRL 2013 annual production was estimated to be equivalent/d based on indicated production levels of equivalent ngas (based on conversion factor of 5658.53 cubic feet::1 boe) and of oil. *proved reserves (doesn't include most bitumen/heaviest oil in reserves, in some cases probable reserves are included) * *proved and probable reserves include those oil and possibly bitumen reserves estimated to be as much if not more than likely recoverable under most recent conditions, production of which is unrestrained by contingencies,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Cenovus total bitumen initially-in-place estimated at 137 billion barrels; 56 billion barrels discovered bitumen initially-in-place Oilsands production )〕 for instance, under ideal conditions (the right bitumen extraction technology and oil price) Cenovus's reserves could be as high as ,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Cenovus Upgraded on aggressive new Growth Estimates )〕 114 times larger than those presently recognized. *After spinning off Cenovus Energy, Encana's production was 95% natural gas. *based on conversion factor of .00018225 from cubic feet of natural gas to barrels of oil equivalent (1/5487).〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Oil Industry Conversions )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Canadian petroleum companies」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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